# Ubuntu
#### Main documentation:
## How to install Ubuntu on VirtualBox
{% content-ref url="/pages/-MENDRkAckGDtrfn3JLo" %}
[VirtualBox](/software-testing/ubuntu/virtualbox.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}
## First steps with terminal
```bash
#Shortcut to OPEN terminal
ctrl + alt + t
#Shortcut to CLOSE terminal
ctrl + d
#Kill the terminal proccess
cltr + c
#Auto completion of files names
use TAB while you are typing any name of file
```
## Shortcuts
```bash
ctrl + A #move your cursor to the beginning of the line
ctrl + E #move your cursor to the End of the line
alt + C #convert Capital character of word on Uppercase and rest on Lowercase
alt + L #convert all characters beggining from the cursor on Lowercase
alt + U #convert all characters beggining from the cursor on Uppercase
ctrl + K #Cut the text from the cursor to the end of the line (Kill text)
ctrl + U #Cut the text from the cursor to the beggining of the line
ctrl + Y #Paste the text that you did cut (Yanking text)
```
## Basic terminal commands
### help
help command will help us how to use a parameters
```bash
help cd
help rm
cd --help
rm --help
```
### man
* manual page of commands (like help, but better graphical)
```bash
man cp
```
### whatis
* short description of linux commands
### history
* show history of commands used in terminal
* the whole bash history is in file \~/.bash\_history
```bash
history #show you whole history of terminal
history 20 #limited by number like 5, 20, 100 ...
history -c #clean whole history (be careful)
!412 #if u type it in console just it use 412 command from history list
412 -> git clone https://github.com/testerBartek/GIT
#to look on file with history
gedit ~/.bash_history
```
### pwd
print working directory
### cd
change directory
```bash
cd Desktop/ #path to cd
cd .. #previos level of directory
cd / #go to root dir
cd ~ #go to home/USER dir
cd - #back to previous dir (in memory)
```
### echo
* print a wrote text
```bash
echo texttoprint
>testtoprint
```
### gedit
* graphical text editor
* create a new file and start to edit
* edit current file
```bash
gedit test #open a text editor
#you can close it, write something, save
#after you close editor, you can back to terminal
```
### nano
* terminal text editor
```bash
nano test #open file in terminal
#you are allow to edit it
#^G ^O ^W => ctrl+G ctrl+O ctrl+W ...
```
### cat / tac
* show text in the same window of terminal
```bash
cat test #normal text
tac test #reverse
```
### head / tail
* head print first lines from the file
* tail print the last lines from the file
{% hint style="info" %}
\[TIP] to create 30 or more lines of numbers use command:
```bash
for((i=1;i<=30;i++)); do echo $i >> 30lines; done
```
{% endhint %}
```bash
t ail 30lines #tail FILE_NAME
head 30lines #head FILE_NAME
#default command print 10 lines
tail -5 30lines #-5 it's parameter how much lines to print
head -8 30lines
tail -n 5 30lines
```
### wc
* show line number , word number , byte/character numbers
```bash
wc test #wc FILE_NAME
9 60 390 test
#9 -> line number
#60 -> word number
#390 -> character numbers
wc -l #only show line number
wc -w #only show word number
wc -c #only show character number
wc -L #show the characters of the longest line!
```
### ls
* list a directory content
```bash
# Basic ls commands
ls # list a dir
ls / # list root dir
ls ~ # list home dir
ls .. # list previous dir files
```
```bash
ls -i # inode number
ls -l # file size in bytes, date and time of modifications
```
```bash
ls -a # show every files (.hidden too)
ls -t # show by last modificated files
ls -r # reverse order (normal ls from A to Z, with -r from Z to A)
ls -R # showing every dir and everything what is inside
```
{% hint style="info" %}
hidden files always have dot "." before name like .hidden
{% endhint %}
```bash
#every parameters we could mix
ls - ali = ls -ail = ls -ial = ls -ila = ls -lia = ls -lai
ls -tr # reverse time
ls -ltr # reverse time and show file size
ls -latR # show .hidden files, file sizes, show by last modificated files
#and every files inside directories
```
### ln
#### Hard Link
* the same inode number
* the exactly same size of file
```bash
ln example hardlink1
```
#### Soft Link
(it's the same as shortcut in windows)
* different inode number
* smaller file size - only 8 bites
```bash
ln -s example softlink1
```
{% hint style="warning" %}
Create soft link to directory is possible but hard link isn't.
{% endhint %}
## Files commands
### touch
* change timestamp of a file on current date and time
* create a new file
```bash
touch FILE_NAME
touch example
```
### mkdir
* create an empty directory
```bash
mkdir nameOfDir
```
### rmdir
* remove an empty directory
```bash
rmdir nameOfDir
```
{% hint style="warning" %}
remove not empty directory isn't possible
{% endhint %}
### rm
* remove a files and directories with files
```bash
rm file1 #remove file
rm -R dir1 #remove directory
rm -r dir1 #remove directory
```
```bash
rm -i file1 #ask about remove the file
rm -iR dir1 #ask to remove every single file
```
```bash
rm -f file1 #remove force file
rm -fR dir1 #remove force dir
#you can use it on not existing file
#and logs don't give any information about this
```
```bash
rm -v file1 file2 #remove file with information about it
rm -vR dir1 #remove directory with information about it
```
### cp
* copy files
```bash
#command scheme
#cp file1 file2 ... file99 ... dir1 [the last is destination]
cp file1 file2 #copy file1 and paste in file2
cp file1 file2 dir1 #copy file1 file2 and paste it in dir1
cp -R dir2 dir1 #copy dir use -R
cp -i file1 file2 #ask about overwirte files
cp -vr dir1 dir2 #show logs about the files
```
{% hint style="danger" %}
Be careful file could be overwrite !
{% endhint %}
### mv
* move files
* renaming files
```bash
mv oldfilename newfilename #changing name of file
mv hiddenfile .hiddenfile #make hidden file
mv file1 file2 dir1 #move file1 and file2 to directory
mv -i file1 dir1 #ask to confirm overwrite file
```
### file
check properties and file extension
```bash
file file1 cat earth
file file1
```
### which / type
* which -> print path to another command like cp / ls ...\
\[display an Executable's location]
* type -> print path to another command and show is this command is shell builtin
Types of commands:\
1\. Executable Programs\
2\. Shell builtins\
3\. Shell scripts\
4\. Alias
## Filenames with space and special characters
Create file and directory with space or special characters
special characters like: $, >, <, &, ;, |, ', " ...
```bash
mkdir'text with space'
mkdir "text with space2"
touch text\ with\ space3
touch'$%@ text with special characters $!@#'
mkdir $\%\>\special\ character
mkdir \\ #show only 1. \
```
## Own commands
### multiple commands
* use more than 1 command in one time
```bash
1stcommand; 2ndcommand; ...;nthcommand
1stcommand && 2ndcommand && ...&&nthcommand
#if command is incorrect the rest of commands will not execute
#USABLE
#1. create dir 2. create file 3. move file to new directory
mkdir dir1; touch file; mv file dir1
```
### wildcards
#### '\*' and '?'
* wildcard is a symbol that represents one or more characters
* symbol '\*' represents (matches) ANY characters
* symbol '?' represents (matches) a SINGLE character
```bash
#FILES: file1.txt file1 file11
# file2 file2.txt abcd qwerty uiop dir1
#'*'
1. cp file* dir1 #copy files file... [file1 / file1.txt ...]
2. cp *.txt dir1 #copy files ....txt [file1.txt / file2.txt]
3. cp f* dir1 #copy files on f... [file1.txt file1 ...]
4. cp f*t dir1 #copy files on f...t [file1.txt / file2.txt]
5. rm * #remove all
#'?'
1. cp file?.txt dir1
2. cp f???? dir1
```
#### '\[RANGE]'
```bash
cp [abcd]* dir1 #copy files which start on letters a,b,c,d
cp [!abcd]* dir1 #copy files which aren't start on letters a,b,c,d
cp [1-3]* dir1 #copy files which start on numbers from 1 to 3 [1,2,3]
cp [[:upper:]]* dir1 #copy files which start from UPPER letter
cp [[:lower:]]* dir1 #copy files which start from low letter
cp *[[:digit:]] dir1 #copy files which ends on number
cp [[:alpha:]]* dir1 #copy files which starts on any letter (upper and lower)
cp [[:alnum:]]* dir1 #copy files which emds on alhpabet or numeric
```
### aliases
* help to works faster with use specific own commands
```bash
alias #type list of created alias
alias newcommandname="YourCommand" #create alias
alias newcommandname #use definied alias
unalias newcommandname #delete alias
gedit ~/.bashrc #file with aliases (edit / delete ...)
```
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