Ubuntu

Start works with linux - Ubuntu.

Main documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com/

How to install Ubuntu on VirtualBox

First steps with terminal

#Shortcut to OPEN terminal
ctrl + alt + t

#Shortcut to CLOSE terminal
ctrl + d

#Kill the terminal proccess
cltr + c

#Auto completion of files names
use TAB while you are typing any name of file

Shortcuts

ctrl + A    #move your cursor to the beginning of the line
ctrl + E    #move your cursor to the End of the line
alt + C     #convert Capital character of word on Uppercase and rest on Lowercase
alt + L     #convert all characters beggining from the cursor on Lowercase
alt + U     #convert all characters beggining from the cursor on Uppercase
ctrl + K    #Cut the text from the cursor to the end of the line (Kill text)
ctrl + U    #Cut the text from the cursor to the beggining of the line
ctrl + Y    #Paste the text that you did cut (Yanking text)

Basic terminal commands

help

help command will help us how to use a parameters

help cd
help rm

cd --help
rm --help

man

manual page of commands (like help, but better graphical)

man cp

whatis

short description of linux commands

history

show history of commands used in terminal
the whole bash history is in file ~/.bash_history

history #show you whole history of terminal

history 20 #limited by number like 5, 20, 100 ...

history -c #clean whole history (be careful)

!412 #if u type it in console just it use 412 command from history list
412 -> git clone https://github.com/testerBartek/GIT

#to look on file with history
gedit ~/.bash_history

pwd

print working directory

cd

change directory

cd Desktop/      #path to cd
cd ..            #previos level of directory   
cd /             #go to root dir 
cd ~             #go to home/USER dir
cd -             #back to previous dir (in memory)

echo

print a wrote text

echo texttoprint
>testtoprint

gedit

graphical text editor
create a new file and start to edit
edit current file

gedit test #open a text editor
#you can close it, write something, save

#after you close editor, you can back to terminal

nano

terminal text editor

nano test #open file in terminal

#you are allow to edit it

#^G ^O ^W => ctrl+G ctrl+O ctrl+W ...

cat / tac

show text in the same window of terminal

cat test #normal text
tac test #reverse

head / tail

head print first lines from the file
tail print the last lines from the file

[TIP] to create 30 or more lines of numbers use command:

for((i=1;i<=30;i++)); do echo $i >> 30lines; done

t   ail 30lines     #tail FILE_NAME
head 30lines     #head FILE_NAME
#default command print 10 lines

tail -5 30lines  #-5 it's parameter how much lines to print
head -8 30lines
tail -n 5 30lines

wc

show line number , word number , byte/character numbers

wc test #wc FILE_NAME
 9  60 390 test
 #9 -> line number
 #60 -> word number
 #390 -> character numbers
 
 wc -l  #only show line number
 wc -w  #only show word number
 wc -c  #only show character number
 wc -L  #show the characters of the longest line!

ls

list a directory content

# Basic ls commands
ls           # list a dir
ls /         # list root dir
ls ~         # list home dir
ls ..        # list previous dir files

ls -i        # inode number
ls -l        # file size in bytes, date and time of modifications

ls -a        # show every files (.hidden too)
ls -t        # show by last modificated files
ls -r        # reverse order (normal ls from A to Z, with -r from Z to A)
ls -R        # showing every dir and everything what is inside

hidden files always have dot "." before name like .hidden

#every parameters we could mix
ls - ali = ls -ail = ls -ial = ls -ila = ls -lia = ls -lai 

ls -tr       # reverse time
ls -ltr      # reverse time and show file size
ls -latR     # show .hidden files, file sizes, show by last modificated files
                #and every files inside directories

ln

Hard Link

the same inode number
the exactly same size of file

ln example hardlink1

Soft Link

(it's the same as shortcut in windows)

different inode number
smaller file size - only 8 bites

ln -s example softlink1

Create soft link to directory is possible but hard link isn't.

Files commands

touch

change timestamp of a file on current date and time
create a new file

touch FILE_NAME
touch example

mkdir

create an empty directory

mkdir nameOfDir

rmdir

remove an empty directory

rmdir nameOfDir

remove not empty directory isn't possible

rm

remove a files and directories with files

rm file1        #remove file
rm -R dir1      #remove directory
rm -r dir1      #remove directory

rm -i file1     #ask about remove the file
rm -iR dir1     #ask to remove every single file

rm -f file1    #remove force file
rm -fR dir1    #remove force dir 

#you can use it on not existing file 
#and logs don't give any information about this

rm -v file1 file2     #remove file with information about it
rm -vR dir1           #remove directory with information about it

cp

copy files

#command scheme
#cp file1 file2 ... file99 ... dir1 [the last is destination]
cp file1 file2         #copy file1 and paste in file2
cp file1 file2 dir1    #copy file1 file2 and paste it in dir1
cp -R dir2 dir1        #copy dir use -R
cp -i file1 file2      #ask about overwirte files
cp -vr dir1 dir2       #show logs about the files

Be careful file could be overwrite !

mv

move files
renaming files

mv oldfilename newfilename     #changing name of file
mv hiddenfile .hiddenfile      #make hidden file
mv file1 file2 dir1            #move file1 and file2 to directory
mv -i file1 dir1               #ask to confirm overwrite file

file

check properties and file extension

file file1 cat earth
file file1

which / type

which -> print path to another command like cp / ls ... [display an Executable's location]
type -> print path to another command and show is this command is shell builtin

Types of commands: 1. Executable Programs 2. Shell builtins 3. Shell scripts 4. Alias

Filenames with space and special characters

Create file and directory with space or special characters

special characters like: $, >, <, &, ;, |, ', " ...

mkdir'text with space'
mkdir "text with space2"
touch text\ with\ space3

touch'$%@ text with special characters $!@#'
mkdir $\%\>\special\ character
mkdir \\ #show only 1. \

Own commands

multiple commands

use more than 1 command in one time

1stcommand; 2ndcommand; ...;nthcommand

1stcommand && 2ndcommand && ...&&nthcommand 
#if command is incorrect the rest of commands will not execute

#USABLE
#1. create dir 2. create file 3. move file to new directory
mkdir dir1; touch file; mv file dir1

wildcards

'*' and '?'

wildcard is a symbol that represents one or more characters
symbol '*' represents (matches) ANY characters
symbol '?' represents (matches) a SINGLE character

#FILES: file1.txt file1 file11
# file2 file2.txt abcd qwerty uiop dir1

#'*'
1. cp file* dir1    #copy files file... [file1 / file1.txt ...]
2. cp *.txt dir1    #copy files ....txt [file1.txt / file2.txt]
3. cp f* dir1       #copy files on f... [file1.txt file1 ...]
4. cp f*t dir1      #copy files on f...t [file1.txt / file2.txt]
5. rm *             #remove all

#'?'
1. cp file?.txt dir1
2. cp f???? dir1

'[RANGE]'

cp [abcd]* dir1      #copy files which start on letters a,b,c,d
cp [!abcd]* dir1     #copy files which aren't start on letters a,b,c,d
cp [1-3]* dir1       #copy files which start on numbers from 1 to 3 [1,2,3]
cp [[:upper:]]* dir1 #copy files which start from UPPER letter
cp [[:lower:]]* dir1 #copy files which start from low letter
cp *[[:digit:]] dir1 #copy files which ends on number
cp [[:alpha:]]* dir1 #copy files which starts on any letter (upper and lower)
cp [[:alnum:]]* dir1 #copy files which emds on alhpabet or numeric

aliases

help to works faster with use specific own commands

alias #type list of created alias
alias newcommandname="YourCommand" #create alias
alias newcommandname #use definied alias
unalias newcommandname #delete alias

gedit ~/.bashrc #file with aliases (edit / delete ...)

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Last updated 4 years ago