> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://tester-bszelag.gitbook.io/software-testing/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://tester-bszelag.gitbook.io/software-testing/ubuntu.md). # Ubuntu #### Main documentation: ## How to install Ubuntu on VirtualBox {% content-ref url="/pages/-MENDRkAckGDtrfn3JLo" %} [VirtualBox](/software-testing/ubuntu/virtualbox.md) {% endcontent-ref %} ## First steps with terminal ```bash #Shortcut to OPEN terminal ctrl + alt + t #Shortcut to CLOSE terminal ctrl + d #Kill the terminal proccess cltr + c #Auto completion of files names use TAB while you are typing any name of file ``` ## Shortcuts ```bash ctrl + A #move your cursor to the beginning of the line ctrl + E #move your cursor to the End of the line alt + C #convert Capital character of word on Uppercase and rest on Lowercase alt + L #convert all characters beggining from the cursor on Lowercase alt + U #convert all characters beggining from the cursor on Uppercase ctrl + K #Cut the text from the cursor to the end of the line (Kill text) ctrl + U #Cut the text from the cursor to the beggining of the line ctrl + Y #Paste the text that you did cut (Yanking text) ``` ## Basic terminal commands ### help help command will help us how to use a parameters ```bash help cd help rm cd --help rm --help ``` ![Used cd --help command](/files/-METpUSsVnuj6GqbLCnT) ### man * manual page of commands (like help, but better graphical) ```bash man cp ``` ![](/files/-MEWcty4q7z3xXc3LxZB) ### whatis * short description of linux commands ![](/files/-MEWeAI6n9EOtx07Peut) ### history * show history of commands used in terminal * the whole bash history is in file \~/.bash\_history ```bash history #show you whole history of terminal history 20 #limited by number like 5, 20, 100 ... history -c #clean whole history (be careful) !412 #if u type it in console just it use 412 command from history list 412 -> git clone https://github.com/testerBartek/GIT #to look on file with history gedit ~/.bash_history ``` ![show list of used commands](/files/-MEUYDXrlaP_rMiy8c-c) ### pwd print working directory ![Show our current path](/files/-MES-4RB0JXbNQFfleBH) ### cd change directory ```bash cd Desktop/ #path to cd cd .. #previos level of directory cd / #go to root dir cd ~ #go to home/USER dir cd - #back to previous dir (in memory) ``` ![cd commands](/files/-MES-eX9qd6vm1HzwefS) ### echo * print a wrote text ```bash echo texttoprint >testtoprint ``` ### gedit * graphical text editor * create a new file and start to edit * edit current file ```bash gedit test #open a text editor #you can close it, write something, save #after you close editor, you can back to terminal ``` ### nano * terminal text editor ```bash nano test #open file in terminal #you are allow to edit it #^G ^O ^W => ctrl+G ctrl+O ctrl+W ... ``` ![nano looks like](/files/-MEUWVlRy0btXsQ5Xspe) ### cat / tac * show text in the same window of terminal ```bash cat test #normal text tac test #reverse ``` ![cat and tac commands](/files/-MEUaLkj7mUoUZ4_C5tb) ### head / tail * head print first lines from the file * tail print the last lines from the file {% hint style="info" %} \[TIP] to create 30 or more lines of numbers use command: ```bash for((i=1;i<=30;i++)); do echo $i >> 30lines; done ``` {% endhint %} ```bash t ail 30lines #tail FILE_NAME head 30lines #head FILE_NAME #default command print 10 lines tail -5 30lines #-5 it's parameter how much lines to print head -8 30lines tail -n 5 30lines ``` ![tail and head commands](/files/-MEUd-BGQW1Bb3pujd9U) ### wc * show line number , word number , byte/character numbers ```bash wc test #wc FILE_NAME 9 60 390 test #9 -> line number #60 -> word number #390 -> character numbers wc -l #only show line number wc -w #only show word number wc -c #only show character number wc -L #show the characters of the longest line! ``` ### ls * list a directory content ```bash # Basic ls commands ls # list a dir ls / # list root dir ls ~ # list home dir ls .. # list previous dir files ``` ![basic ls commands](/files/-MES1zerNpB7pRLkP9xJ) ```bash ls -i # inode number ls -l # file size in bytes, date and time of modifications ``` ![green - inode number | blue file size in bytes](/files/-MESSKehnm0nmMbYtq7_) ```bash ls -a # show every files (.hidden too) ls -t # show by last modificated files ls -r # reverse order (normal ls from A to Z, with -r from Z to A) ls -R # showing every dir and everything what is inside ``` {% hint style="info" %} hidden files always have dot "." before name like .hidden {% endhint %} ![](/files/-MESRwJlO5i1rBuJQkxZ) ```bash #every parameters we could mix ls - ali = ls -ail = ls -ial = ls -ila = ls -lia = ls -lai ls -tr # reverse time ls -ltr # reverse time and show file size ls -latR # show .hidden files, file sizes, show by last modificated files #and every files inside directories ``` ![](/files/-MESSqkgr2NRoAUgm4fo) ### ln #### Hard Link * the same inode number * the exactly same size of file ```bash ln example hardlink1 ``` ![3 the same files by Hard Link](/files/-MES7YPVkG65sp1OXUdp) #### Soft Link (it's the same as shortcut in windows) * different inode number * smaller file size - only 8 bites ```bash ln -s example softlink1 ``` ![](/files/-MES8Ub2uxSQz0lZ1QOs) {% hint style="warning" %} Create soft link to directory is possible but hard link isn't. {% endhint %} ## Files commands ### touch * change timestamp of a file on current date and time * create a new file ```bash touch FILE_NAME touch example ``` ![All hard linked files change timestamp like example/hardlink1/hardlink2](/files/-MESXkiQQf-5KwvcIKqf) ![Create a new file](/files/-MESYk3I2dyUKyfZijkl) ### mkdir * create an empty directory ```bash mkdir nameOfDir ``` ### rmdir * remove an empty directory ```bash rmdir nameOfDir ``` ![](/files/-MESgqzEZA2Tg2VU9srY) {% hint style="warning" %} remove not empty directory isn't possible {% endhint %} ### rm * remove a files and directories with files ```bash rm file1 #remove file rm -R dir1 #remove directory rm -r dir1 #remove directory ``` ![](/files/-MESjIby6xwD6L-4AjhP) ```bash rm -i file1 #ask about remove the file rm -iR dir1 #ask to remove every single file ``` ![](/files/-MESkrNnT-Zhc5-Kn3ZX) ```bash rm -f file1 #remove force file rm -fR dir1 #remove force dir #you can use it on not existing file #and logs don't give any information about this ``` ![](/files/-MESmteHJ1QM-AyWAZMc) ```bash rm -v file1 file2 #remove file with information about it rm -vR dir1 #remove directory with information about it ``` ![](/files/-MESoJ9xNZM1eKhxV1mo) ### cp * copy files ```bash #command scheme #cp file1 file2 ... file99 ... dir1 [the last is destination] cp file1 file2 #copy file1 and paste in file2 cp file1 file2 dir1 #copy file1 file2 and paste it in dir1 cp -R dir2 dir1 #copy dir use -R cp -i file1 file2 #ask about overwirte files cp -vr dir1 dir2 #show logs about the files ``` {% hint style="danger" %} Be careful file could be overwrite ! {% endhint %} ![](/files/-MEStCOwDsTgqNHeb_MZ) ### mv * move files * renaming files ```bash mv oldfilename newfilename #changing name of file mv hiddenfile .hiddenfile #make hidden file mv file1 file2 dir1 #move file1 and file2 to directory mv -i file1 dir1 #ask to confirm overwrite file ``` ![](/files/-MESwy51qtoKAtocDCrQ) ### file check properties and file extension ```bash file file1 cat earth file file1 ``` ![After delete file extension in Ubuntu still possible is correctly opening files ](/files/-METVQ6iIdBf6lWhXAZ6) ### which / type * which -> print path to another command like cp / ls ...\ \[display an Executable's location] * type -> print path to another command and show is this command is shell builtin Types of commands:\ 1\. Executable Programs\ 2\. Shell builtins\ 3\. Shell scripts\ 4\. Alias ![](/files/-MEWb57V1Sb962ZspbwA) ## Filenames with space and special characters Create file and directory with space or special characters special characters like: $, >, <, &, ;, |, ', " ... ```bash mkdir'text with space' mkdir "text with space2" touch text\ with\ space3 touch'$%@ text with special characters $!@#' mkdir $\%\>\special\ character mkdir \\ #show only 1. \ ``` ![Spacebar](/files/-METjg09vxeQnrOTpDVi) ![Special characters](/files/-METoAv-XrTaFSWrVizh) ## Own commands ### multiple commands * use more than 1 command in one time ```bash 1stcommand; 2ndcommand; ...;nthcommand 1stcommand && 2ndcommand && ...&&nthcommand #if command is incorrect the rest of commands will not execute #USABLE #1. create dir 2. create file 3. move file to new directory mkdir dir1; touch file; mv file dir1 ``` ![](/files/-MEWoRO4wYdq0AuoIDgr) ### wildcards #### '\*' and '?' * wildcard is a symbol that represents one or more characters * symbol '\*' represents (matches) ANY characters * symbol '?' represents (matches) a SINGLE character ```bash #FILES: file1.txt file1 file11 # file2 file2.txt abcd qwerty uiop dir1 #'*' 1. cp file* dir1 #copy files file... [file1 / file1.txt ...] 2. cp *.txt dir1 #copy files ....txt [file1.txt / file2.txt] 3. cp f* dir1 #copy files on f... [file1.txt file1 ...] 4. cp f*t dir1 #copy files on f...t [file1.txt / file2.txt] 5. rm * #remove all #'?' 1. cp file?.txt dir1 2. cp f???? dir1 ``` !['\*' and '?' wildcards in use](/files/-MEX8wADVoYSO3eSLhP7) #### '\[RANGE]' ```bash cp [abcd]* dir1 #copy files which start on letters a,b,c,d cp [!abcd]* dir1 #copy files which aren't start on letters a,b,c,d cp [1-3]* dir1 #copy files which start on numbers from 1 to 3 [1,2,3] cp [[:upper:]]* dir1 #copy files which start from UPPER letter cp [[:lower:]]* dir1 #copy files which start from low letter cp *[[:digit:]] dir1 #copy files which ends on number cp [[:alpha:]]* dir1 #copy files which starts on any letter (upper and lower) cp [[:alnum:]]* dir1 #copy files which emds on alhpabet or numeric ``` ![](/files/-MEXGepy6Tb9MKesyPHJ) ### aliases * help to works faster with use specific own commands ```bash alias #type list of created alias alias newcommandname="YourCommand" #create alias alias newcommandname #use definied alias unalias newcommandname #delete alias gedit ~/.bashrc #file with aliases (edit / delete ...) ``` ![](/files/-MEXUyUdUvpimbwQ9prB)